The invention of digital photography required the realization of an optical device allowing the creation of the image and finding a way to fix this picture on a durable medium by a chemical process irreversible.
The two phenomena needed to obtain a photograph had long been known for some, including the effect of light on silver chloride.
Jacques Charles in 1780 and had managed to freeze so fleeting silhouette on paper soaked in silver chloride by the method of the darkroom.
Around 1826, Joseph Ni?pce manages to fix quality images average plates pewter coated with bitumen of Judea (a type of natural tar having the property of hardening in the light). This First “picture” has necessitated a break of several hours.
The official date of the invention of digital photography is 1839: Francois Arago presented at the Academy of Sciences of the daguerreotype, an improvement of the invention due to Niepce Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, which reduces the exposure time in half an hour .
Even if these images could be produced only a single copy for both a result of a random quality, the long history of digital photography is running.

Technical developments

During the history of digital photography, technological advances will reduce the exposure time (by increasing the speed sensitive surfaces and light of the objectives), improving the stability of the resulting image and a simplified application of this technique.
The devices become both more light and less expensive, the development will be facilitated by advances in chemistry, before being upset by the introduction of the computer which allows the digitization of the image .

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This article touched the basics of the topic. I have 2 more resources related to the above. They are photography basics. Do consider reading them.